Berlín is a municipality in the Usulután department of El Salvador.

Overview

The municipality of Berlín is made up of an urban center (pop. approx. 12,000) and 17 cantons or villages (pop. approx. 30,000). The urban center is located at 1,020 meters above sea level in the mountains of eastern El Salvador, with the territory extending to lowland cantons (zona baja) on the Lempa River and to highland cantons (zona alta) at as much as 1,500 meters above sea level. Some of the rural cantons include: Talpetates, Loma Alta, Las Delicias, El Colon, El Tablon.

Berlin is known for coffee farming, which historically was the main economic activity for the municipality and concentrated in the zona alta. In the zona baja, including the Mechotique region, activities include cattle and sugar cane farming, as well as farming of subsistence crops such as beans and corn. Nearby municipalities include Mercedes Umaña and Santiago de Maria; the largest nearby city is San Miguel.

Berlín's patron saint is San José, and the annual patron saint festival is celebrated from March 15 - 20. The city boasts two high schools, a coffee processing plant, a bank, a credit union, a thriving municipal market, a youth community center, numerous small businesses, a Catholic church, and several Evangelical congregations.

During the Salvadoran Civil War, Berlín was the site of several battles between the FMLN and military forces. The FMLN took control of the city for five days in 1983, but were driven out by heavy bombing by the military. The engagement resulted in significant destruction of property and civilian deaths.

Berlín was heavily damaged by flooding and landslides resulting from Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and by the earthquakes of January and February, 2001. To mitigate potential future natural disasters, an Environmental Unit (Unidad Ambiental) has been established within the mayor’s office.

A severe thunderstorm with heavy rain caused flooding and landslides in May 2007 which resulted in the deaths of 5 people. Efforts are currently underway to relocate the Brisas del Sol community, where the victims were from, away from the high risk area.

External links

The Official Page of Berlín, El Salvador

Wikipedia in Spanish

Category:Municipalities of the Usulután Department

de:Berlín (El Salvador) es:Berlín (El Salvador) it:Berlín

Jonathan Mendelsohn is the director of general election resources for the British Labour Party. He had previously been a spokesman and lobbyist for the gambling company PartyGaming. He is the former chairman of Labour Friends of Israel.

With Neal Lawson and Ben Lucas, he founded LLM Communications in 1997, a lobbying firm with notable access to the new Labour Government.

He had written to controversial Labour donor David Abrahams claiming he was one of Labour's "strongest supporters". In 1998 he was caught on tape along with Derek Draper boasting to Greg Palast, an undercover reporter posing as a businessman, about how they could sell access to government ministers and create tax breaks for their clients in a scandal that was dubbed "Lobbygate". Draper denied the allegations. In the same incident Mendelsohn was approached by an undercover journalist posing as a representative of American energy companies who were seeking to ignore environmental laws. Despite LLM's claim that "we believe that there will be a new breed of 'ethical winners' who will demonstrate that businesses no longer operate in a moral vacuum", Mendelsohn went on to advise the reporter to rephrase their plans into language that sounded "Earth-Friendly" going on to say "Tony [Blair] is very anxious to be seen as green. Everything has to be couched in environmental language - even if it's slightly Orwellian."

He donated money to the Peter Hain Labour Party deputy leadership campaign.

According to the Daily Telegraph, "Mr Mendelsohn is steeped in the north London Jewish community. He is a close friend of Lord Levy, who was at the heart of Labour’s cash for peerages affair."

He is married with four children. His wife, Nicola, was formerly deputy chairman of the advertising agency Grey London, he is also known to be well respected within his community and is generally a very liked man .

References

Category:Living people Category:Labour Party (UK) officials Category:British Jews Category:British lobbyists Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Name	Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
Birth date	May 13, 1956
Birth place	Papanasam, Tamil Nadu, India
Birth name	Ravishankar
Nationality	Indian
Religion	Hindu
Philosophy	Advaita Vedanta
Website
Quote	My Vision is a violence free, stress free world.
Footnotes	}}

Ravi Shankar (, ), usually known as Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, was born Ravi Shankar Ratnam on 13 May 1956. He is also frequently referred to simply as "Sri Sri" (honorific) or as Guruji or Gurudev. He is a spiritual leader and founder of the Art of Living Foundation (founded 1982), which aims to relieve individual stress, societal problems and violence. It is an NGO with UNESCO consultative status. In 1997 he established a Geneva-based charity, the International Association for Human Values, an NGO that engages in relief work and rural development and aims to foster shared global values. In 2010 Shankar was named by Forbes Magazine as the fifth most influential person in India.

Life

Ravi Shankar was born to Smt. Vishalakshi Ratnam and R. S. Venkat Ratnam, who was then active in the automobile business. He was named "Ravi" (a common Indian name meaning "sun") because his birth was on a Sunday and "Shankar" after the 8th century Hindu saint Adi Shankara, with whom he shares the birthday. He received a Bachelor of Science degree at the age of 21 from St. Joseph’s College, Bangalore University.

After graduation, Shankar traveled with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and was invited by Maharishi to give talks on Vedic science, arrange conferences on the Vedas and science, and set up Ayurveda centers. He was with the Maharishi at the inauguration of the first of the Golden Domes at Maharishi International University. He was earlier addressed as "Pandit Ravi Shankar" (or "Punditji") but in the early 1990s changed his name to "Sri Sri Ravi Shankar" after the renowned sitarist Ravi Shankar objected that the guru was using the name he had made famous.

The 1980s saw Shankar initiate a series of practical and experiential courses in spirituality around the globe. Shankar says that his rhythmic breathing exercise ''sudarśana-kriyā'' () came to him in 1982 "like a poem, an inspiration", after a ten-day period of silence on the banks of the Bhadra River in Shimoga, state of Karnataka, adding, "I learned it and started teaching it".

Shankar says that every emotion has a corresponding rhythm in the breath and regulating breath could help relieve personal suffering. After realizing Sudarshan Kriya, Shankar started sharing it with others through the Art of Living course, first held in Shimoga.

Shankar inspired his father and several other prominent citizens of Bangalore to found ''Ved Vignan Maha Vidya Peeth'', an educational and charitable trust, in 1981. Under the auspices of this trust, he opened a school south of Bangalore for local rural children. The school now provides free education for 2,000 such children.

In 1983 Shankar held the first Art of Living course in Europe in Switzerland. In 1986 he travelled to Apple Valley, California in the USA to conduct the first course to be held in North America.

In 2010 Shankar appeared on MTV's "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory" in which he and Rob's manager, Jeremy Larner, attempt to help Rob find true happiness in life.

Spirituality

Shankar teaches that spirituality is that which enhances human values such as love, compassion and enthusiasm. It is not limited to any one religion or culture. Hence it is open to all people. He feels the spiritual bond we share as part of the human family is more prominent than nationality, gender, religion, profession, or other identities that separate us.

According to him, science and spirituality are linked and compatible, both springing from the urge to know. The question, "Who am I?" leads to spirituality. The question, "What is this?" leads to science. Emphasizing that joy is only available in the present moment, his stated vision is to create a world free of stress and violence. His programs are said to offer practical tools to help accomplish this. He sees breath as the link between body and mind, and a tool to relax the mind, emphasizing the importance of both meditation/spiritual practice and service to others. In his view, "Truth is spherical rather than linear; so it has to be contradictory."

Peace and humanitarian work

In the 1990s, Shankar initiated a number of humanitarian projects, which continue to this date under the auspices of the Art of Living Foundation and its numerous national organizations. In 1992 he started prison programs to rehabilitate prison inmates and help them reintegrate into the mainstream. 1997 saw the beginning of the International Association for Human Values, a humanitarian organization, and its 5H program, which aims to bring sustainable development to rural areas and revive human values. After the 2001 attack on the World Trade Center towers in New York City, the Art of Living Foundation offered free courses in stress reduction to New Yorkers. The group ran a relief program in Kosovo for the war-ravaged population and for public health, university and UN personnel. The organization started an operation in occupied Iraq in 2003 aimed at relieving the stress of the Iraqi population, particularly the rising population of traumatized widows. A similar program was implemented in Afghanistan from 2003 to 2006 teaching war victims as well as UN and NGO personnel. In 2007, Sri Sri Ravi Shankar visited Iraq at the invitation of Prime Minister Nouri al Maliki and also met with Sunni, Shia and Kurdish leaders. He visited Pakistan in 2004 and met with political and religious leaders there as a part of his efforts to promote global peace. He is involved in interfaith dialogue and currently sits on the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute. Many volunteers assisted the 2004 tsunami victims and Hurricane Katrina victims, in Haiti and many other regions of conflict and natural disaster. There is a prison stress management and rehabilitation techniques program, known as Prison SMART (Stress Management and Rehabilitation Training), which assists many prisoners and prison staff worldwide.

Sudarshan Kriya

Sudarshan Kriya is a "breathing-based technique" that is a core component of the Art of Living courses and "the cornerstone of ... Art of Living Foundation's trauma relief programs".

A number of medical studies on its preparatory practices have been published in international peer-reviewed journals. A range of mental and physical benefits are reported in these studies, including reduced levels of stress (reduced cortisol—the "stress" hormone), improved immune system, relief from anxiety & depression (mild, moderate & severe), increased antioxidant protection, and enhanced brain function (increased mental focus, calmness and recovery from stressful stimuli), among other findings.

Persons enrolling for the courses sign a non-disclosure agreement with an undertaking not to teach the learned techniques (including Sudarshan Kriya) to other people without taking Teacher's Training.

According to Bharti Verma, M.D., in ''The Way of Grace,'' by David Lucas Burge and Gary Boucherle, "Sudarshan Kriya is not hyperventilation.... The process is unlike hyperventilation and seems much more complex in its nature. A person hyperventilating will often experience lightheadedness, blurred vision, muscle spasms of hands and feet, a general feeling of being unwell, fainting and loss of consciousness. In contrast, course participants learning Sudarshan Kriya report a state of deep relaxation while feeling rejuvenated and re-energized. Clearly the experiences of persons practicing Sudarshan Kriya are exactly the opposite of what a hyperventilating exercise would be expected to produce."

Local Art of Living organizations exist in 152 countries.

Books

Books based on Shankar's discourses and teachings include the following:

An Intimate Note to the Sincere Seeker; Vol. 1: ISBN 1-885289-29-4, Vol. 2: ISBN 1-885289-30-8, Vol. 3: ISBN 1-885289-33-2, Vol. 4: ISBN 1-885289-36-7, Vol. 5: ISBN 1-885289-38-3, Vol. 6: ISBN 1-885289-40-5, Vol. 7: ISBN 1-885289-41-3

Buddha: manifestation of silence ISBN 81-89291-91-2

1999 – Be A Witness: The Wisdom of the Upanishads, 106 pp. ISBN 8176210633

2000 – God Loves Fun, 138 pp. ISBN 1-885289-05-7

2001 – Celebrating Silence: Excerpts from Five Years of Weekly Knowledge 1995–2000, 206 pp. ISBN 1-885289-39-1

Celebrating Love ISBN 1-885289-42-1

2005 – Narada Bhakti Sutra, 129 pp. ISBN 8178110296

Notes

See also

Art of Living Foundation

References

Gautier, François, ''The Guru of Joy. Sri Sri Ravi Shankar & the Art of Living'', Carlsbad, California, Hay House, Inc., 2008. ISBN 978-1-4019-1761-6 (First edition: India, Books Today, 2002. ISBN 81-87478-42-X)

External links

Official website

Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:Hindu gurus Category:Indian religious leaders Category:People from Thanjavur district Category:St. Joseph's College, Bangalore alumni

bg:Шри Шри Рави Шанкар de:Sri Sri Ravi Shankar es:Sri Sri Ravi Shankar fr:Ravi Shankar (guru) hi:श्री श्री रवि शंकर he:שרי שרי ראווי שנקר kn:ಶ್ರೀ ಶ್ರೀ ರವಿ ಶಂಕರ್ mk:Рави Шанкар ml:ശ്രീ ശ്രീ രവിശങ്കർ nl:Ravi Shankar (spiritueel leider) ja:シュリ・シュリ・ラビ・シャンカール ru:Шри Шри Рави Шанкар sa:श्री श्री रवि शंकर ta:ஸ்ரீ ஸ்ரீ ரவிசங்கர் te:శ్రీ శ్రీ రవి శంకర్

name	Ravi Shankar
alt	An old man sits on a platform and holds a long-necked lute while looking to the side.
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury
birth date	April 07, 1920
birth place	Varanasi, United Provinces, Indian Empire
instrument	''sitar''
genre	Hindustani classical music
occupation	composer, musician
years active	1939–present
website	RaviShankar.org
associated acts	Uday Shankar, Allauddin Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, Lakshmi Shankar, Yehudi Menuhin, Chatur Lal, Alla Rakha, George Harrison, Anoushka Shankar }}

Ravi Shankar born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury on 7 April 1920), often referred to by the title Pandit, is an Indian musician and composer who plays the plucked string instrument ''sitar''. He has been described as the most known contemporary Indian musician by Hans Neuhoff in ''Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart''.

Shankar was born in Varanasi and spent his youth touring Europe and India with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study ''sitar'' playing under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the ''Apu Trilogy'' by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956.

In 1956, he began to tour Europe and America playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison of The Beatles. Shankar engaged Western music by writing concerti for ''sitar'' and orchestra and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992 he served as a nominated member of the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1999, and received three Grammy Awards. He continues to perform in the 2000s, often with his daughter Anoushka.

Early life

Shankar was born 7 April 1920 in Varanasi to a Brahmin family of Bengalis as the youngest of seven brothers. Shankar's Bengali birth name was Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury. His father, Shyam Shankar, an administrator for the Maharaja of Jhalawar, used the Sanskrit spelling of the family name and removed its last part. Shyam was married to Shankar's mother Hemangini Devi, but later worked as a lawyer in London. There he married a second time while Devi raised Shankar in Varanasi, and did not meet his son until he was eight years old. Shankar shortened the Sanskrit version of his first name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for "sun".

At the age of ten, after spending his first decade in Varanasi, Shankar went to Paris with the dance group of his brother, choreographer Uday Shankar. By the age of 13 he had become a member of the group, accompanied its members on tour and learned to dance and play various Indian instruments. Uday's dance group toured Europe and America in the early to mid-1930s and Shankar learned French, discovered Western classical music, jazz, and cinema, and became acquainted with Western customs. Shankar heard the lead musician for the Maihar court, Allauddin Khan, in December 1934 at a music conference in Kolkata and Uday convinced the Maharaja of Maihar in 1935 to allow Khan to become his group's soloist for a tour of Europe. Shankar was sporadically trained by Khan on tour, and Khan offered Shankar training to become a serious musician under the condition that he abandon touring and come to Maihar.

Career

Training and work in India

Shankar's parents had died by the time he returned from the European tour, and touring the West had become difficult due to political conflicts that would lead to World War II. Shankar gave up his dancing career in 1938 to go to Maihar and study Indian classical music as Khan's pupil, living with his family in the traditional ''gurukul'' system. Khan was a rigorous teacher and Shankar had training on ''sitar'' and ''surbahar'', learned ''ragas'' and the musical styles ''dhrupad'', ''dhamar'', and ''khyal'', and was taught the techniques of the instruments ''rudra veena'', ''rubab'', and ''sursingar''. He often studied with Khan's children Ali Akbar Khan and Annapurna Devi. Shankar began to perform publicly on ''sitar'' in December 1939 and his debut performance was a ''jugalbandi'' (duet) with Ali Akbar Khan, who played the string instrument ''sarod''.

Shankar completed his training in 1944. Following his training, he moved to Mumbai and joined the Indian People's Theatre Association, for whom he composed music for ballets in 1945 and 1946. Shankar recomposed the music for the popular song "Sare Jahan Se Achcha" at the age of 25. He began to record music for HMV India and worked as a music director for All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi, from February 1949 to January 1956. Shankar founded the Indian National Orchestra at AIR and composed for it; his compositions experimented with a combination of Western instruments and classical Indian instrumentation. Beginning in the mid-1950s he composed the music for the ''Apu Trilogy'' by Satyajit Ray, which became internationally acclaimed.

International career 1956–1969

V. K. Narayana Menon, director of AIR Delhi, introduced the Western violinist Yehudi Menuhin to Shankar during Menuhin's first visit to India in 1952. Shankar had performed as part of a cultural delegation in the Soviet Union in 1954 and Menuhin invited Shankar in 1955 to perform in New York City for a demonstration of Indian classical music, sponsored by the Ford Foundation. Shankar declined to attend due to problems in his marriage, but recommended Ali Akbar Khan to play instead. Khan reluctantly accepted and performed with ''tabla'' (percussion) player Chatur Lal in the Museum of Modern Art, and he later became the first Indian classical musician to perform on American television and record a full ''raga'' performance, for Angel Records.

Shankar heard about the positive response Khan received and resigned from AIR in 1956 to tour the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. He played for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian music, incorporating ''ragas'' from the South Indian Carnatic music in his performances, and recorded his first LP album ''Three Ragas'' in London, released in 1956. In 1958, Shankar participated in the celebrations of the tenth anniversary of the United Nations and UNESCO music festival in Paris. From 1961, he toured Europe, the United States, and Australia, and became the first Indian to compose music for non-Indian films. Chatur Lal accompanied Shankar on ''tabla'' until 1962, when Alla Rakha assumed the role. Shankar founded the Kinnara School of Music in Mumbai in 1962.

Shankar befriended Richard Bock, founder of World Pacific Records, on his first American tour and recorded most of his albums in the 1950s and 1960s for Bock's label. The Byrds recorded at the same studio and heard Shankar's music, which led them to incorporate some of its elements in theirs, introducing the genre to their friend George Harrison of The Beatles. Harrison became interested in Indian classical music, bought a ''sitar'' and used it to record the song "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)". This led to Indian music being used by other musicians and created the raga rock trend.

Harrison met Shankar in London in 1966 and visited India for six weeks to study ''sitar'' under Shankar in Srinagar. During the visit, a documentary film about Shankar named ''Raga'' was shot by Howard Worth, and released in 1971. Shankar's association with Harrison greatly increased Shankar's popularity and Ken Hunt of Allmusic would state that Shankar had become "the most famous Indian musician on the planet" by 1966. In 1967, he performed at the Monterey Pop Festival and won a Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance for ''West Meets East'', a collaboration with Yehudi Menuhin. The same year, the Beatles won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' which included "Within You Without You" by Harrison, a song that was influenced by Indian classical music. Shankar opened a Western branch of the Kinnara School of Music in Los Angeles, California, in May 1967, and published an autobiography, ''My Music, My Life'', in 1968. He performed at the Woodstock Festival in August 1969, and found he disliked the venue. In the 1970s Shankar distanced himself from the hippie movement.

International career 1970–present

In October 1970 Shankar became chair of the department of Indian music of the California Institute of the Arts after previously teaching at the City College of New York, the University of California, Los Angeles, and being guest lecturer at other colleges and universities, including the Ali Akbar College of Music. In late 1970, the London Symphony Orchestra invited Shankar to compose a concerto with ''sitar''; ''Concerto for Sitar and Orchestra'' was performed with André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the ''sitar''. Hans Neuhoff of ''Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'' has criticized the usage of the orchestra in this concert as "amateurish". George Harrison organized the charity Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, in which Shankar participated. Interest in Indian music had decreased in the early 1970s, but the concert album became one of the best-selling recordings featuring it and won Shankar a second Grammy Award.

During the 1970s, Shankar and Harrison worked together again, recording ''Shankar Family & Friends'' in 1973 and touring North America the following year to a mixed response after Shankar had toured Europe with the Harrison-sponsored Music Festival from India. The demanding schedule weakened Shankar, and he suffered a heart attack in Chicago in November 1974, causing him to miss a portion of the tour. In his absence, Shankar's sister-in-law, singer Lakshmi Shankar, conducted the touring orchestra. The touring band visited the White House on invitation of John Gardner Ford, son of U.S. President Gerald Ford. Shankar toured and taught for the remainder of the 1970s and the 1980s and released his second concerto, ''Raga Mala'', conducted by Zubin Mehta, in 1981. Shankar was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Music Score for his work on the 1982 movie ''Gandhi'', but lost to John Williams' ''E.T.'' He served as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the Parliament of India, from 12 May 1986 to 11 May 1992, after being nominated by Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. Shankar composed the dance drama ''Ghanashyam'' in 1989. His liberal views on musical cooperation led him to collaboration with contemporary composer Philip Glass, with whom he released an album, ''Passages'', in 1990.

Shankar underwent an angioplasty in 1992 due to heart problems, after which George Harrison involved himself in several of Shankar's projects. Because of the positive response to Shankar's 1996 career compilation ''In Celebration'', Shankar wrote a second autobiography, ''Raga Mala'', with Harrison as editor. He performed in between 25 and 40 concerts every year during the late 1990s. Shankar taught his daughter Anoushka Shankar to play ''sitar'' and in 1997 became a Regent's Lecturer at University of California, San Diego. In the 2000s, he won a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album for ''Full Circle: Carnegie Hall 2000'' and toured with Anoushka, who released a book about her father, ''Bapi: Love of My Life'', in 2002. Anoushka performed a composition by Shankar for the 2002 Harrison memorial Concert for George and Shankar wrote a third concerto for ''sitar'' and orchestra for Anoushka and the Orpheus Chamber Orchestra. In June 2008, Shankar played what was billed as his last European concert, but his 2011 tour includes dates in the United Kingdom.

Style and contributions

Shankar developed a style distinct from that of his contemporaries and incorporated influences from rhythm practices of Carnatic music. His performances begin with solo ''alap'', ''jor'', and ''jhala'' (introduction and performances with pulse and rapid pulse) influenced by the slow and serious ''dhrupad'' genre, followed by a section with ''tabla'' accompaniment featuring compositions associated with the prevalent ''khyal'' style. Shankar often closes his performances with a piece inspired by the light-classical ''thumri'' genre.

Shankar has been considered one of the top ''sitar'' players of the second half of the 20th century. He popularized performing on the bass octave of the ''sitar'' for the ''alap'' section and became known for a distinctive playing style in the middle and high registers that uses quick and short deviations of the playing string and his sound creation through stops and strikes on the main playing string. Narayana Menon of ''The New Grove Dictionary'' noted Shankar's liking for rhythmic novelties, among them the use of unconventional rhythmic cycles. Hans Neuhoff of ''Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart'' has argued that Shankar's playing style was not widely adopted and that he was surpassed by other ''sitar'' players in the performance of melodic passages. Shankar's interplay with Alla Rakha improved appreciation for ''tabla'' playing in Hindustani classical music. Shankar promoted the ''jugalbandi'' duet concert style and introduced new ''ragas'', including ''Tilak Shyam'', ''Nat Bhairav'' and ''Bairagi''.

Recognition

Shankar won the Silver Bear Extraordinary Prize of the Jury at the 1957 Berlin International Film Festival for composing the music for the movie ''Kabuliwala''. He was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1962, and was named a Fellow of the academy for 1975. Shankar was awarded the three highest national civil honors of India: Padma Bhushan, in 1967, Padma Vibhushan, in 1981, and Bharat Ratna, in 1999. He received the music award of the UNESCO International Music Council in 1975, three Grammy Awards, and was nominated for an Academy Award. Shankar was awarded honorary degrees from universities in India and the United States. He received the Kalidas Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh for 1987–88, the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize in 1991, the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1992, and the Polar Music Prize in 1998. In 2001, Shankar was made an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Elizabeth II for his "services to music". Shankar is an honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and in 1997 received the Praemium Imperiale for music from the Japan Art Association. The American jazz saxophonist John Coltrane named his son Ravi Coltrane after Shankar.

Personal life and family

Shankar married Allauddin Khan's daughter Annapurna Devi in 1941 and a son, Shubhendra Shankar, was born in 1942. Shankar separated from Devi during the 1940s and had a relationship with Kamala Shastri, a dancer, beginning in the late 1940s. An affair with Sue Jones, a New York concert producer, led to the birth of Norah Jones in 1979. In 1981, Anoushka Shankar was born to Shankar and Sukanya Rajan, whom Shankar had known since the 1970s. After separating from Kamala Shastri in 1981, Shankar lived with Sue Jones until 1986. He married Sukanya Rajan in 1989.

Shubhendra "Shubho" Shankar often accompanied his father on tours. He could play the ''sitar'' and ''surbahar'', but elected not to pursue a solo career and died in 1992. Norah Jones became a successful musician in the 2000s, winning eight Grammy Awards in 2003. Anoushka Shankar was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best World Music Album in 2003. Anoushka hopes to perform again with her father soon. "We just did a show together in Bangalore," she adds. "He’s doing a few shows in the U.S. now, but it’s when I’m touring separately. But I do hope we get more opportunities to play together."

Shankar is a Hindu and a vegetarian. He lives with Sukanya in Encinitas, California.

Discography

Bibliography

Notes

References

External links

{{navboxes |title=Navigation boxes related to Ravi Shankar |state=collapsed |list1= }}

Category:1920 births Category:Apple Records artists Category:Artists from Varanasi Category:Composers awarded knighthoods Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Hindustani instrumentalists Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:Indian composers Category:Indian film score composers Category:Indian Hindus Category:Indian vegetarians Category:Living people Category:Maihar gharana Category:Musicians awarded knighthoods Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha Category:People of Bengali descent Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Category:Sitar players

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name	Einstürzende Neubauten
landscape	yes
background	group_or_band
origin	Berlin, Germany
genre	Dark ambientPost-industrialAvant-gardeExperimental rockIndustrial music (early)
years active	1980–present
label	ZickZackMuteROIRPotomakNothing (briefly)
website	neubauten.org
current members	Blixa BargeldAlexander HackeN.U. UnruhJochen ArbeitRudolf Moser
past members	Beate BartelGudrun GutF.M. EinheitMark ChungRoland Wolf
notable instruments	}}

Einstürzende Neubauten (, "Collapsing New Buildings") is a German industrial band, originally from West Berlin, formed in 1980. The group currently comprises Blixa Bargeld (lead vocals, guitar, keyboard), Alexander Hacke (bass, guitar, vocals), N.U. Unruh (custom-made instruments, percussion, vocals), Jochen Arbeit (guitar and vocals), and Rudolf Moser (custom-built instruments, percussion, and vocals).

One of their trademarks is the use of custom-built instruments, predominantly made out of scrap metal and building tools, and noises, in addition to standard musical instruments.

History

Early years

On April 1, 1980, Einstürzende Neubauten made their first appearance in the Moon Club in Berlin. This first line-up featured Beate Bartel and Gudrun Gut, Blixa Bargeld, and N.U. Unruh. The two female members, Bartel and Gut, left the band after a short period of performing and founded Mania D. Alexander Hacke (alias Alexander von Borsig), a sound technician and multi-instrumentalist who was fifteen years old at that time, joined the band and became a long-time member.

In 1981 the percussionist F.M. Einheit (from the Hamburg band Abwärts) joined Einstürzende Neubauten and they released their first LP ''Kollaps'' (English: "''Collapse''"), a mixture of rough punk rock tunes and industrial noises. The industrial noises were obtained from self-made music machines, electronics, and found objects such as metal plates. The live performances with FM Einheit in the 1980s, which became legendary, included lots of metal banging and destruction on stage.

During their first German tour, Mark Chung (previously the bass player with Abwärts) joined the group of musicians. This line-up lasted for nearly 15 years.

In 1983, Einstürzende Neubauten recorded their second album ''Zeichnungen des Patienten O. T.'' (English: "''Drawings of Patient O.T.''"). The title came from a 1974 book by Leo Navratil, describing the drawings of Oswald Tschirtner.

Also in 1983, Bargeld joined the band The Birthday Party (featuring Nick Cave and Mick Harvey) as a guitarist. This group was disbanded shortly after, but Bargeld became a long-time member of one of the bands that sprang from The Birthday Party – Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (again featuring Nick Cave and Mick Harvey). Bargeld remained a full-time member of both bands, Einstürzende Neubauten and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, until 2003, when he quit the Bad Seeds in order to focus on Einstürzende Neubauten.

1984 also saw the first release of a best-of and rarities compilation, ''Strategies Against Architecture 80-83''.

1985–1989

The band's next album, ''Halber Mensch'' ("''Half Man''") in 1985, may be seen as a developmental breakthrough. Musical structure became more evident, and Bargeld's lyrics and, especially, his singing changed. He moved from shouted words and phrases toward organized, poetic melodies.

The band played a show in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, to kick off their third North American tour. The performance was sponsored by the German Goethe Institute as part of the German contribution to ''Expo 86''. Also scheduled to appear were Test Dept and Skinny Puppy, though not everyone was able to play.

On the tour, the group's experimental and improvised live performance style occasionally caused difficulties with venue management and law enforcement. A performance at The Palladium in Manhattan ended 30 minutes into the set after an improvised pyrotechnics display. The band ignited a small amount of paint thinner in metal pans, and panicked management stopped the performance and cleared the venue.

The one-hour film ''Halber Mensch'' (1986) by Sōgo Ishii documents Einstürzende Neubauten's visit to Japan in 1985. The next two albums, ''Fünf auf der nach oben offenen Richterskala'' ("''Five on the open-ended Richterscale''") in 1987 and ''Haus der Lüge'' ("''House of the Lie''") in 1989, were great successes in the United States and Japan.

1990–1995

In 1990, the band tried something completely new, recording the soundtrack for East German playwright Heiner Müller's play ''Die Hamletmaschine'' ("''The Hamlet Machine''") for East German radio ''Rundfunk der DDR''. The band image of Einstürzende Neubauten changed: Blixa Bargeld, formerly wearing punk/industrial style clothes, appeared at the live concerts in a suit.

1991 also saw the release of the double album, a best-of and rarities album, ''Strategies Against Architecture II''. This collection included a musical setting of Heiner Müller's piece "Bildbeschreibung" ("Explosion of a Memory" or "Description of a Picture" in English).

In Vienna, May 1992, Einstürzende Neubauten performed at The Academy of Fine Arts' 300th anniversary in a show by Erich Wonder, ''Das Auge des Taifun'' (''"The eye of the typhoon"'').

The next album ''Tabula Rasa'' (1993) was an important turning point in the band's history, their music becoming softer and containing more electronic sounds.

In 1993, they were booked to support U2 during their European leg of the Zoo TV Tour, but were thrown off the stage and off the tour when a band member threw an iron bar into the booing crowd.

Mark Chung left the band in 1994 after the recording of ''Faustmusik'' for Werner Schwab's play, and made a career in the music industry. F.M. Einheit, who contributed much to the music and sound of the band, left the band a short time later in 1995, during the recording of the ''Ende Neu'' album, at least partially because of a conflict with Bargeld. The last Einstürzende Neubauten track Einheit worked on was "Was ist ist". Roland Wolf replaced them on bass guitar and keyboards only a short time before dying in a car accident in 1995.

1996–1999

A short time later, the band released the album ''Ende Neu'' ("''Ending New''") in 1996. The album title is an example of word-play on the band's own name (i.e. "Einstürzende Neubauten"). The song "Stella Maris" – a duet between Bargeld and Hacke's then-wife, singer Meret Becker – became quite famous; a world tour followed the release. During this time, Jochen Arbeit and Rudi Moser (both members of Die Haut) joined the band: Arbeit on guitar, and Moser on drums, with Hacke switching to bass guitar. This line-up, accompanied by Ash Wednesday on keyboards for live concerts, has held ever since.

In 1997, the album ''Ende Neu Remixes'' was released, which featured remixes of the songs from ''Ende Neu'' by artists such as Barry Adamson, Pan Sonic and Darkus (alias Mark Rutherford); Darkus' remix tracks, with others not included on ''Ende Neu Remixes'', were made available separately in the same year on ''The NNNAAAMMM Remixes By Darkus'' release.

2000–2001

From March 27 to May 23, 2000, Einstürzende Neubauten celebrated their 20th birthday with a "20th anniversary tour", playing in the Columbiahalle, Berlin on their exact birthday, April 1, and released the album ''Silence Is Sexy'', followed by a world tour. 2001 also saw the release of another double best-of and rarities album, ''Strategies Against Architecture III''.

Since 2001, Einstürzende Neubauten albums and web projects have been partially produced and supported by Bargeld's wife Erin Zhu, who also serves as webmaster of the official Einstürzende Neubauten website.

2002–2004

In 2002, Einstürzende Neubauten began work on a new album without the backing of a record label, relying instead upon fan ("supporter") participation in an experiment of a type of Street Performer Protocol combined with an internet community and touches of the patronage system. An exclusive ''Supporter Album No. 1'', and the ''Airplane Miniatures'' EP following, were made available in 2003.

Bargeld left Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds in 2003. In order to go on tour, the band reneged on the idea of creating a supporter-only album, and cooperated with Mute Records to go on tour and release ''Perpetuum Mobile'' in 2004. Air sounds, such as blowing the plastic pipes with an air compressor, were greatly explored and used for this album: the working title of the album was, for a long while, ''Luftveränderung'' (''"Change of air"''). A half an hour long documentary about the supporters project entitled 'Traumfestival' was made by Ste van Holm and Dihcar. The film is now available on YouTube.

The live shows of the ''Perpetuum Mobile'' Tour were recorded by the band's sound engineers, then burned on CDRs with individual pictures of each show taken by Danielle de Picciotto and sold directly after the concerts to the visitors; numerous "official" live albums were created during this tour as a result.

In November 2004, the band went on a mini-tour, which included a supporters-only performance at Berlin's Palast der Republik. The performance was filmed and coordinated by Danielle de Picciotto and Ian Williamson and was released on the exclusive supporter's DVD at the end of Phase II.

2005

The band also started a new project called ''Musterhaus'' in early 2005. The first CD ''Anarchitektur'' was sent out in May 2005, and was also available for download to Musterhaus subscribers. The Musterhaus project was a "line of releases intended to give the band an outlet for more experimental impulses and exploration." Musterhaus albums were released roughly every 3 months.

The second Musterhaus CD ''Unglaublicher Laerm'' ("''Incredible noise''") was finished on August 15, and shipped out (as well as posted for download) shortly after.

Phase II of the Neubauten Supporter's project finished in August 2005, and the official site was taken down on September 20. The supporter album ''Grundstück'' ("''Floor-piece''") and DVD (containing footage from the November 2004 ''Grundstück'' performance in Berlin) was shipped in early October 2005.

Musterhaus #3 ''Solo Bassfeder'' ("''Solo bass-spring''"), released December 8, is a collection of bass spring compositions by the individual members of Einstürzende Neubauten.

2006

Phase III of the Supporter's project started on February 10. On February 25, the fourth part of the ''Musterhaus'' series, called ''Redux Orchestra versus Einstürzende Neubauten'' was completed. One of the new additions to Phase III started in March 2006 was a piece-by-piece album called ''Jewels'', finally finished in August 2007.

Danielle de Picciotto, Alexander Hacke's wife and long time companion released the DVD documentary "Einstürzende Neubauten - On tour with neubauten.org" which describes the supporter project in detail, having interviewed international supporters during the Perpetuum Mobile tour in 2004.

Musterhaus #5 ''Kassetten'' ("''Cassettes''"), finished May 15 with release scheduled for May 31. At the same time, ''Alles was irgendwie nützt'' ("''Everything of any use''"), an album that had been in the work since Phase 2, were completed. The album consists of rare live tracks, handpicked by 6 supporters of Phase 2 and mixed by Boris Wilsdorf. This was quickly followed by Musterhaus #6 ''Klaviermusik'' ("''Piano music''"), released on August 31.

In October, Neubauten released a public DVD, the recording made at Palast der Republik.

Musterhaus #7 ''Stimmen Reste'' ("''Voice Remainders''") was released on December 2, consisting of vocal experiments, vocal recordings, and manipulations of voice recordings, enriched with leftover instrumental tracks made with polystyrene, electronic pulses, hammond organ, bass guitar, and metal percussion.

2007–present

It was announced on the band's website that they would be undertaking a "small (mostly) UK tour" in April 2007, playing in Hannover on April 22 beforehand. Musterhaus #8 ''Weingeister'' ("''Wine spirits''") was released on April 6, forming the final instalment of the Musterhaus series.

A new commercial album was made available later in the year, the first release since 2004's ''Perpetuum Mobile''. The new album, ''Alles wieder offen'' ("''All open again''"), was released on October 19, 2007 without the backing of a label, a move the band had intended to make with ''Perpetuum Mobile''. Fans who were part of the paid EN community at neubauten.org received access to an album with the same tracks plus a number of extra songs, and an optional DVD about the making of the album. The band also filmed a video for "Nagorny Karabach". They spent the first half of 2008 touring for the album, playing 32 dates in 19 European countries.

Einstürzende Neubauten celebrated their 30th anniversary in 2010 with a tour through Europe. An American leg was also planned, however on November 29, 2010 the band announced the cancellation of all their U.S. dates due to visa scheduling problems.

''Silence Is Sexy'' was reissued on July 1, 2011.

Members

Blixa Bargeld: lead vocals, guitar, keyboards. (real name: Christian Emmerich, original member)

Alexander Hacke: bass, guitar, vocals (also known as Alexander von Borsig, since 1980)

N.U. Unruh: special built instruments, percussion, vocals (real name: Andrew Chudy, original member)

Jochen Arbeit: guitar, vocals (since 1997)

Rudolf Moser: special built instruments, percussion, vocals (since 1997)

Other personnel

Ash Wednesday: keyboards, electronics (touring member since 1997)

Boris Wilsdorf - sound engineer

Erin Zhu - executive producer, webmaster of neubauten.org and wife of Blixa Bargeld. Erin is a graduate of Stanford Graduate School of Business, where she was a Sloan Fellow. Erin Zhu and Blixa Bargeld are featured in Designing Media, a 2010 Bill Moggridge book about 37 of the most influential people in the media industry.

Ari Benjamin Meyers - frequent collaborator, with Redux Orchestra and on piano

Danielle de Picciotto - documented the ''Perpetuum Mobile'' and ''Grundstück'' tours and Palast der Republik performance, coordinated ''Jewels'' documentation and released a documentary "Einstürzende Neubauten -On tour with neubauten.org"; also the wife of Alexander Hacke

Previous members

Beate Bartel: bass (original member, only in the band for a short time in 1980)

Gudrun Gut: keyboards (original member, only in the band for a short time in 1980)

F.M. Einheit: percussion, vocals (real name: Frank Martin Strauß, 1981–1995)

Mark Chung: bass, vocals (1981–1994)

Roland Wolf: keyboards, bass (replaced Mark Chung in 1995, died in a traffic accident short time later)

Band name

The band name is usually translated into English as "Collapsing New Buildings". ''Neubauten'' ("new buildings" in English) is a general term referring to buildings constructed in Germany after 1945. These are often regarded as cheaper, flimsier, and less aesthetically attractive than ''Altbauten'', or pre-1945, especially pre-modernist buildings. Due to the extensive destruction throughout Germany during the Second World War, and the extensive rebuilding thereafter, ''Neubauten'' constitute a very familiar element of German cities.

The band's name attracted unexpected attention when on 21 May 1980, not two months after the band's forming, the roof of the Berlin Congress Hall famously collapsed, killing one person and injuring many. The resulting media attention surrounding the collapse of the German-American icon gave the meaning of their name a new dimension.

Band logo

The Einstürzende Neubauten's logo can be described as a human symbol with two arms, two legs (one much shorter than another), thin body and big round head with a circle in its middle. It was not created by or for the band, but is a cave drawing of probably Toltec origin.

Discography

Studio albums

''Stahlmusik'' (1980)

''Kollaps'' (1981)

''Zeichnungen des Patienten O. T.'' (1983)

''Halber Mensch'' (1985)

''Fünf auf der nach oben offenen Richterskala'' (1987)

''Haus der Lüge'' (1989)

''Tabula Rasa'' (1993)

''Ende Neu'' (1996)

''Silence Is Sexy'' (2000)

''Perpetuum Mobile'' (2004)

''Alles wieder offen'' (2007)

EPs

''Thirsty Animal'', (Einstürzende Neubauten & Lydia Lunch), 1982

''Interim'' (1993)

''Malediction'' (1993)

''Total Eclipse of the Sun'' (1999)

Singles

"Für den Untergang" (1980)

"Kalte Sterne" (1981)

"Thirsty Animal" (1982) (with Lydia Lunch & Rowland S. Howard)

"Yü-Gung" (1985)

"Das Schaben" (1985)

"Feurio!" (1989) (3-inch disc)

"Nag Nag Nag/Wüste" (1993) (3-inch disc available only with book ''Einstürzende Neubauten'')

"Stella Maris" (1996)

"NNNAAAMMM - Remixes by Darkus" (1997)

"Total Eclipse Of The Sun" (2000)

"Perpetuum Mobile" (2004) (download-only release)

"Weil Weil Weil" (2007) (download-only release)

Collections

''Stahldubversions'' (1982)

''Strategies Against Architecture 80-83'' (1984)

''Tri-Set'' (1994)

''Ende Neu Remixes'' (1997)

''Strategies Against Architecture II'' (1991)

''Strategies Against Architecture III'' (2001)

''Kalte Sterne -early recordings-'' (2004)

''Strategies Against Architecture IV'' (2010)

Live albums

''1981/1982 Livematerial'' (1982)

''2X4'' (1984) (live album)

''09-15-2000, Brussels'' (2001)

''Gemini'' (2003)

''Perpetuum Mobile Tour'' (2004)

''04-01-2004, Amsterdam'' (2004)

''10-29-2004, Reggio Emilia'' (2004)

''25th Anniversary Tour'' (2005)

''04-07-2005, Brussels'' (2005)

''04-22-2007, Hannover'' (2007)

''Palast der Republik'' (2007)

Neubauten.org Supporters Project

''Supporter Album No. 1'' (2003)

''Airplane Miniatures'' (2003)

''Grundstück'' (2005)

''Alles was irgendwie nützt'' (2006)

''Jewels'' (2006–2007)

Musterhaus Series

''Anarchitektur'' (2005)

''Unglaublicher Laerm'' (2005)

''Solo Bassfeder'' (2005)

''Redux Orchestra versus Einstürzende Neubauten'' (2006)

''Kassetten'' (2006)

''Klaviermusik''(2006)

''Stimmen Reste'' (2006)

''Weingeister'' (2007)

Soundtracks and Plays

''Die Hamletmaschine'' (1991)

''Faustmusik'' (1996)

''Berlin Babylon'' (2001)

Appeared on:

''Hardware (movie) (1990)

''Heat (soundtrack)'' (1995)

''The Island of Dr. Moreau (1996 film)''

''Inglourious Basterds (soundtrack)'' (2009)

Videos

''Halber Mensch (film)'' (1985)

''Liebeslieder'' (1993)

''Stella Maris'' (1996)

''20th anniversary concert'' (2000)

''Listen With Pain: 20 Years of Einstürzende Neubauten'' (2000)

''On Tour With Neubauten.org'' (2004)

''Grundstück DVD'' (2005)

''Palast der Republik DVD'' (2006)

''Elektrokohle (Von Wegen)'' (2009)

See also

Industrial music

Industrial percussion

Notes

References

Further reading

Jennifer Shryane (2011): ''Blixa Bargeld and Einstürzende Neubauten: German Experimental Music''. Ashgate. http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409421566

M. Bullynck and I. Goerlandt: "The Semiotics of Einstürzende Neubauten's 'X'". In: ''Philament'' 7 (2005), pp. 1–8.

A. Spencer: "Einstürzende Neubauten und Heiner Müller: 'Kopfarbeit' or The Theatre in Your Head". In: ''Amsterdamer Beiträge zur neueren Germanistik'' 48 (2000), pp. 203–222.

Dax, Max and Defcon, Robert. ''Nur was nicht ist, ist möglich/No Beauty Without Danger''.

Maeck, Klaus (1989). ''Hör mit Schmerzen/Listen with Pain''. EME, Bonn, Germany. ISBN 3880300283

Maeck, Klaus (1997). ''Hör Mit Schmerzen/Listen With Pain: Einstürzende Neubauten, 1980-1996'' (Paperback). Gestalten Verlag, Berlin, Germany. ISBN 3931126099.

Bargeld, Blixa (1997). ''Headcleaner: Text Fur Einstürzende Neubauten/Text for Collapsing New Buildings'' (Paperback). Gestalten Verlag, Berlin, Germany. ISBN 3931126129.

(1993). ''Einstürzende Neubauten'' (Paperback includes 3" CD). Stampa Alternativa/Materiali Sonori, Italy. ISBN 88-7226-101-5.

External links

Einstürzende Neubauten — official website

Blixa Bargeld — official website

Alexander Hacke — official website

F.M. Einheit — official website

Ash Wednesday — official website

Einstürzende Neubauten archives

Stahlmusik — German fansite about Einstürzende Neubauten band members

Einstürzende Neubauten discography on Discogs

Einstürzende Neubauten — a discography webpage

Potomak Label — official website

Potomak Label official page on MySpace

''Collapsing Again'' by Travis Jeppesen

''Doing the unspeakable'' — 25th anniversary interview with Alexander Hacke by Max Dax

''Alexander Hacke and Blixa Bargeld'' — 30th anniversary concert in Berlin, Germany

* Category:German electronic music groups Category:German industrial music groups Category:Industrial rock musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1980 Category:Reachout International Records recording artists Category:German experimental musical groups Category:Mute Records artists Category:Nothing Records artists

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